Corrigendum: Susceptibility to infections during acute liver injury depends on transient disruption of liver macrophage niche.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892114.].

Susceptibility to Infections During Acute Liver Injury Depends on Transient Disruption of Liver Macrophage Niche.

Kupffer cells are the primary liver resident immune cell responsible for the liver firewall function, including clearance of bacterial infection from the circulation, as they are strategically positioned inside the liver sinusoid with intimate contact with the blood. Disruption in the tissue-resident macrophage niche, such as in Kupffer cells, can lead to a window of susceptibility to systemic infections, which represents a significant cause of mortality in patients with acetaminophen (APAP) overdose-induced acute liver injury (ALI). However, how Kupffer cell niche disruption increases susceptibility to systemic infections in ALI is not fully understood. Using a mouse model of ALI induced by APAP overdose, we found that Kupffer cells upregulated the apoptotic cell death program and were markedly reduced in the necrotic areas during the early stages of ALI, opening the niche for the infiltration of neutrophils and monocyte subsets. In addition, during the resolution phase of ALI, the remaining tissue macrophages with a Kupffer cell morphology were observed forming replicating cell clusters closer to necrotic areas devoid of Kupffer cells. Interestingly, mice with APAP-induced liver injury were still susceptible to infections despite the dual cellular input of circulating monocytes and proliferation of remaining Kupffer cells in the damaged liver. Therapy with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) was shown to be effective in occupying the niche devoid of Kupffer cells following APAP-induced ALI. The rapid BMDM migration to the liver and their positioning within necrotic areas enhanced the healing of the tissue and restored the liver firewall function after BMDM therapy. Therefore, we showed that disruption in the Kupffer cell niche and its impaired function during acute liver injury are key factors for the susceptibility to systemic bacterial infections. In addition, modulation of the liver macrophage niche was shown to be a promising therapeutic strategy for liver injuries that reduce the Kupffer cell number and compromise the organ function.

Effects of homologous and heterologous rich platelets plasma, compared to poor platelets plasma, on cutaneous healing of rabbits.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the effects of homologous and heterologous PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) on the quality and speed of skin wound healing, compared to Poor Platelet Plasma (PPP). METHODS: Twenty-one male adult rabbits were used; two for preparing homologous PRP, with the rest of them separated randomly in three groups, according to the treatment received: PPP - control (n=5), homologous PRP (n=7), heterologous (n=7). Excisional skin wounds were made on the back of the animals, for the application of homologous and heterologous PPP and PRP. At the 14th post-operative day (POD), the animals were subjected to a new wound, and the treatments were inverted. The wounds were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. RESULTS: A larger percentage of scar retraction was observed on the group treated with heterologous PRP, compared to homologous PRP, at the third POD, an increase of 25.03% (p=0.01). No other statistically significant differences among treatments were observed. Among every group, skin healing was efficient, without local adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Heterologous PRP contributed with more tissue retraction at the beginning of the wound healing process. After this, there were no differences on the wound healing skin process treated with PRP or PPP. However, our findings suggest the presence of others plasmatic factors, besides platelets, which could also contribute to the wound healing process, and thus, should be further investigated.

Effects of homologous and heterologous rich platelets plasma, compared to poor platelets plasma, on cutaneous healing of rabbits

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate and compare the effects of homologous and heterologous PRP (Platelet-Rich Plasma) on the quality and speed of skin wound healing, compared to Poor Platelet Plasma (PPP). Methods: Twenty-one male adult rabbits were used; two for preparing homologous PRP, with the rest of them separated randomly in three groups, according to the treatment received: PPP - control (n=5), homologous PRP (n=7), heterologous (n=7). Excisional skin wounds were made on the back of the animals, for the application of homologous and heterologous PPP and PRP. At the 14th post-operative day (POD), the animals were subjected to a new wound, and the treatments were inverted. The wounds were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. Results: A larger percentage of scar retraction was observed on the group treated with heterologous PRP, compared to homologous PRP, at the third POD, an increase of 25.03% (p=0.01). No other statistically significant differences among treatments were observed. Among every group, skin healing was efficient, without local adverse effects. Conclusions: Heterologous PRP contributed with more tissue retraction at the beginning of the wound healing process. After this, there were no differences on the wound healing skin process treated with PRP or PPP. However, our findings suggest the presence of others plasmatic factors, besides platelets, which could also contribute to the wound healing process, and thus, should be further investigated.

Pulpotomy in deciduous tooth with mineral trioxid aggregate / Pulpotomia em molar decíduo com agregado trióxido mineral

Several medicines have been tested and used in the conservative pulp therapy of deciduous teeth, however, the formocresol has being the elected material in the pulpotomies, even not assisting the biocompatibility demands and promoting the fixation of the vital pulp tissue and not its repair. After Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) appearance as a material with physico-chemical properties that promotes the tissue repair, allied to other important properties, such as the antimicrobial action and the biocompatibility to the pulpal tissues, a new alternative material appeared for the dentistry. The aim of this study was to report the effect of MTA in a pulpotomy of deciduous molar, and its 1-year follow-up. The pulpotomy was made with MTA in the tooth 85 in a 5-year-old patient. The results obtained were quite favorable, demonstrating clinical and radiographic success, as well as absence of painful symptomatology reported by the patient. In spite of the little time of follow-up of the treated deciduous tooth, MTA has a great biological potential and could be an alternative material to be used in the pulpotomies of deciduous teeth.

Diversos medicamentos vêm sendo testados e utilizados na terapia pulpar conservadora de dentes decíduos, no entanto, o formocresol continua sendo o material de escolha nas pulpotomias, mesmo não atendendo às exigências de biocompatibilidade e promovendo a fixação do tecido pulpar vital e não o seu reparo. Com o surgimento do Agregado Trióxido Mineral (MTA) como um material com propriedades físico-químicas que promovem o reparo tecidual, aliados a outras propriedades importantes, tais como a ação antimicrobiana e a biocompatibilidade aos tecidos pulpares surgiu uma nova alternativa de material na Odontologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o desempenho do MTA em uma pulpotomia em molar decíduo e seu acompanhamento por um período de 1 ano. Foi realizada a pulpotomia com o uso do MTA no dente 85 de um paciente de 5 anos de idade cujos resultados obtidos foram bastante favoráveis, demonstrando sucesso clínico e radiográfico no período avaliado. Apesar do pouco tempo de acompanhamento do dente decíduo tratado, acredita-se que o MTA possa ter um grande potencial biológico e futuramente podendo transformar-se em uma opção de material para ser utilizado como rotina nas pulpotomias de dentes decíduos.

MMP1 and MMP20 contribute to tooth agenesis in humans.

OBJECTIVE: Variations in genes that are critical for tooth formation may contribute to the tooth agenesis. MMPs are potential candidate genes for dental alterations based on the roles they play during embryogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between MMP1, MMP3, and MMP20 and tooth agenesis. METHODS: One hundred sixty-seven nuclear families from two different populations were analysed, 116 from Brazil and 51 from Turkey. Probands had at least one congenitally missing tooth. DNA samples were obtained from blood or saliva samples and genotyping was performed using TaqMan chemistry. In addition, Mmp20 was selected for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis with SYBR Green I Dye in mouse tooth development. RESULTS: Associations between tooth agenesis and MMP1 (p=0.007), and MMP20 (p=0.03) were found in Brazilian families. In the total dataset, MMP20 continued to be associated with tooth agenesis (p=0.01). Mmp20 was not expressed during the initial stages of tooth development. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide evidence that MMP1 and MMP20 play a role in human tooth agenesis.

Transforming growth factor-alfa gene (TGFA), human tooth agenesis, and evidence of segmental uniparental isodisomy.

We have previously reported an association between variants in the transforming growth factor-alfa gene (TGFA) and human tooth agenesis. To demonstrate in greater detail that TGFA contributes to tooth agenesis, we investigated additional markers in the gene. Cheek swab samples were obtained for DNA analysis from 116 patient/parent trios. Probands had at least one developmentally missing tooth, excluding third molars. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan assays. Linkage disequilibrium analysis and test of the transmission distortion of the marker alleles were performed. We confirmed that TGFA variants and haplotypes are associated with tooth agenesis. Moreover, it appears that preferential premolar agenesis is associated with TGFA, and patients with a family history of tooth agenesis would have an associated haplotype. Finally, we excluded that a TGFA microdeletion could cause sporadic agenesis in a case of upper lateral incisors and lower second premolars and suggest this case may be consequence of a segmental uniparental isodisomy.

Interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) contribute to human tooth agenesis.

Phenotypic characteristics expressed in syndromes give clues to the factors involved in the cause of isolated forms of the same defects. We investigated two genes responsible for craniofacial syndromes, FGFR1 and IRF6, in a collection of families with isolated tooth agenesis. Cheek swab samples were obtained for DNA analysis from 116 case/parent trios. Probands had at least one developmentally missing tooth, excluding third molars. In addition, we studied 89 cases and 50 controls from Ohio to replicate any positive findings. Genotyping was performed by kinetic polymerase chain-reaction or TaqMan assays. Linkage disequilibrium analysis and transmission distortion of the marker alleles were performed. The same variants in the IRF6 gene that are associated with isolated orofacial clefts are also associated with human tooth agenesis (rs861019, P = 0.058; rs17015215-V274I, P = 0.0006; rs7802, P = 0.004). Mutations in IRF6 cause Van der Woude and popliteal pterygium syndromes. The craniofacial phenotypic characteristics of these syndromes include oral clefts and preferential tooth agenesis of incisors and premolars, besides pits on the lower lips. Also it appears that preferential premolar agenesis is associated with FGFR1 (P = 0.014) and IRF6 (P = 0.002) markers. There were statistically significant data suggesting that IRF6 interacts not only with MSX1 (P = 0.001), but also with TGFA (P = 0.03).

Mamadeira: conteúdo, presença de sacarose e caracteríticas dos bicos / Bottles: content, presence of sucrose and characteristics of the nipples

O objetivo deste artigo foi correlacionar o tamanho dos orifícios dos bicos e a consistência do conteúdo das mamadeiras, assim como a utilização da sacarose e os tipos de alimentos usados. Cento e vinte três fichas da Clínica de Bebês de uma Instituição Pública de Ensino Superior foram utilizadas para coleta de dados. A consistência semipastosa do alimento associa-se com o tamanho exagerado do orifício (p<0,05), circunstância de maior frequência (64,20 por cento). Medidas educativas e preventivas devem ser efetuadas precocemente pelos profissionais da área da saúde para que hábitos adequados sejam adquiridos pelos pais ou responsáveis

A SEM investigation of accessory foramina in the furcation areas of primary molars.

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and anatomic characteristics of accessory foramina in the external and internal furcation areas of primary molars. Sixty human primary molars were divided into two equal groups. The teeth of the experimental group showed in previous radiographic examination the presence of a radiolucency area confined to the inter-radicular region, while the teeth of the control group had no sign of pulpal inflammation in the clinical and/or radiographic examination. The specimens were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The external furcation area (EFA) showed a higher prevalence of accessory foramina than the internal furcation area (IFA) (P<0.05). However, the comparison between the two groups did not show statistically significant difference (P>0.05). The presence of accessory canals should not be considered the only reason for inter-radicular pathological bone resorption following pulpal necrosis in deciduous molars.

Respostas do complexo dentino-pulpar aos traumatismos em dentes decíduos / Reaction of the dentin-pulp complex following trauma in the primary dentition

O traumatismo dental na infância é uma ocorrência comum, principalmente entre os 2 e 4 anos de idade, podendo levar a diversas seqüelas tanto nos dentes decíduos traumatizados quanto em seus sucessores. A resposta inflamatória do complexo dentino-pulpar no elemento decíduo traumatizado pode ser reversível ou irreversível, com alterações tais como calcificação distrófica, necrose pulpar e reabsorção radicular interna ou externa. Dessa forma, o conhecimento das possíveis complicações e o acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico periódico são fundamentais. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever algumas seqüelas que podem ocorrer nos dentes decíduos traumatizados, através da ilustração e discussão de cinco casos clínicos.